Apache Bench ノート
ab: Apache Bench について調べたノート- 基本形
ab -c 10 -n 10 http://example.com/
- オプション
-A: Basic 認証での user/password 指定-c: concurrency. 並行実行するコネクション数-C: Cookie 指定-H: 任意の HTTP リクエストヘッダー指定-k: HTTP KeepAlive を有効化-m: HTTP Method を指定-n: 生成する HTTP リクエスト数-p: POST file-s: タイムアウト設定。デフォルト 30 秒-t: ベンチマークのタイムリミット。デフォルトでは無制限-T: POST, PUT メソッドを使用する場合の Content-Type ヘッダー値。デフォルトでは text/plain だが application/x-www-form-urlencoded 等を指定できる
- 実行結果
- 1秒 あたりに行ったリクエスト数が知りたい:
Requests per secondを確認 - 失敗したリクエストを知りたい:
Non-2xx responsesを確認
- 1秒 あたりに行ったリクエスト数が知りたい:
基本的な使い方
ab -c 10 -n 10 http://example.com/実行例
$ ab -c 10 -n 10 http://example.com/
This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1879490 $>
Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/
Benchmarking example.com (be patient).....done
Server Software: ECS
Server Hostname: example.com
Server Port: 80
Document Path: /
Document Length: 1256 bytes
Concurrency Level: 10
Time taken for tests: 0.466 seconds
Complete requests: 10
Failed requests: 0
Total transferred: 16159 bytes
HTML transferred: 12560 bytes
Requests per second: 21.46 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 465.913 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 46.591 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 33.87 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 106 112 5.6 110 124
Processing: 106 112 5.6 110 124
Waiting: 106 112 5.6 110 124
Total: 212 224 11.2 220 248
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 220
66% 224
75% 232
80% 234
90% 248
95% 248
98% 248
99% 248
100% 248 (longest request)POST リクエストをベンチマークする
ab -c 10 -n 10 -p ./sample.json -T application/json https://httpbin.org/post実行例
$ cat ./sample.json
{
"key": "value"
}
$ ab -c 10 -n 10 -p ./sample.json -T application/json https://httpbin.org/post
This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1879490 $>
Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/
Benchmarking httpbin.org (be patient).....done
Server Software: gunicorn/19.9.0
Server Hostname: httpbin.org
Server Port: 443
SSL/TLS Protocol: TLSv1.2,ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256,2048,128
Server Temp Key: ECDH P-256 256 bits
TLS Server Name: httpbin.org
Document Path: /post
Document Length: 439 bytes
Concurrency Level: 10
Time taken for tests: 1.358 seconds
Complete requests: 10
Failed requests: 0
Total transferred: 6640 bytes
Total body sent: 1580
HTML transferred: 4390 bytes
Requests per second: 7.36 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 1358.083 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 135.808 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 4.77 [Kbytes/sec] received
1.14 kb/s sent
5.91 kb/s total
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 495 502 6.4 500 512
Processing: 167 172 8.1 169 194
Waiting: 167 172 8.2 169 194
Total: 662 674 9.8 672 690
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 672
66% 681
75% 682
80% 684
90% 690
95% 690
98% 690
99% 690
100% 690 (longest request)help
$ ab
ab: wrong number of arguments
Usage: ab [options] [http[s]://]hostname[:port]/path
Options are:
-n requests Number of requests to perform
-c concurrency Number of multiple requests to make at a time
-t timelimit Seconds to max. to spend on benchmarking This implies -n 50000
-s timeout Seconds to max. wait for each response Default is 30 seconds
-b windowsize Size of TCP send/receive buffer, in bytes
-B address Address to bind to when making outgoing connections
-p postfile File containing data to POST. Remember also to set -T
-u putfile File containing data to PUT. Remember also to set -T
-T content-type Content-type header to use for POST/PUT data, eg. 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' Default is 'text/plain'
-v verbosity How much troubleshooting info to print
-w Print out results in HTML tables
-i Use HEAD instead of GET
-x attributes String to insert as table attributes
-y attributes String to insert as tr attributes
-z attributes String to insert as td or th attributes
-C attribute Add cookie, eg. 'Apache=1234'. (repeatable)
-H attribute Add Arbitrary header line, eg. 'Accept-Encoding: gzip' Inserted after all normal header lines. (repeatable)
-A attribute Add Basic WWW Authentication, the attributes are a colon separated username and password.
-P attribute Add Basic Proxy Authentication, the attributes are a colon separated username and password.
-X proxy:port Proxyserver and port number to use
-V Print version number and exit
-k Use HTTP KeepAlive feature
-d Do not show percentiles served table.
-S Do not show confidence estimators and warnings.
-q Do not show progress when doing more than 150 requests
-l Accept variable document length (use this for dynamic pages)
-g filename Output collected data to gnuplot format file.
-e filename Output CSV file with percentages served
-r Don\'t exit on socket receive errors.
-m method Method name
-h Display usage information (this message)
-I Disable TLS Server Name Indication (SNI) extension
-Z ciphersuite Specify SSL/TLS cipher suite (See openssl ciphers)
-f protocol Specify SSL/TLS protocol (SSL3, TLS1, TLS1.1, TLS1.2 or ALL)
-E certfile Specify optional client certificate chain and private keymanual
AB(1) ab AB(1)
NAME
ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool
SYNOPSIS
ab [ -A auth-username:password ] [ -b windowsize ] [ -B local-address ] [ -c concurrency ] [ -C cookie-name=value ] [ -d ] [ -e csv-file ] [ -E client-cer‐tificate file ] [ -f protocol ] [ -g gnuplot-file ] [ -h ] [ -H custom-header ] [ -i ] [ -k ] [ -l ] [ -m HTTP-method ] [ -n requests ] [ -p POST-file ] [ -P proxy-auth-username:password ] [ -q ] [ -r ] [ -s timeout ] [ -S ] [ -t timelimit ] [ -T content-type ] [ -u PUT-file ] [ -v verbosity] [ -V ] [ -w ] [ -x <table>-attributes ] [ -X proxy[:port] ] [ -y <tr>-attributes ] [ -z <td>-attributes ] [ -Z ciphersuite ] [http[s]://]hostname[:port]/path
SUMMARY
ab is a tool for benchmarking your Apache Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server.
It is designed to give you an impression of how your current Apache installation performs.
This especially shows you how many requests per second your Apache installation is capable of serving.
OPTIONS
-A auth-username:password
Supply BASIC Authentication credentials to the server.
The username and password are separated by a single : and sent on the wire base64 encoded.
The string is sent regardless of whether the server needs it (i.e., has sent an 401 authentication needed).
-b windowsize
Size of TCP send/receive buffer, in bytes.
-B local-address
Address to bind to when making outgoing connections.
-c concurrency
Number of multiple requests to perform at a time.
Default is one request at a time.
-C cookie-name=value
Add a Cookie: line to the request.
The argument is typically in the form of a name=value pair.
This field is repeatable.
-d Do not display the "percentage served within XX [ms] table". (legacy support).
-e csv-file
Write a Comma separated value (CSV) file which contains for each percentage (from 1% to 100%) the time (in milliseconds) it took to serve that percentage of the requests.
This is usually more useful than the 'gnuplot' file; as the results are already 'binned'.
-E client-certificate-file
When connecting to an SSL website, use the provided client certificate in PEM format to authenticate with the server.
The file is expected to contain the client certificate, followed by intermediate certificates, followed by the private key. Available in 2.4.36 and later.
-f protocol
Specify SSL/TLS protocol (SSL2, SSL3, TLS1, TLS1.1, TLS1.2, or ALL). TLS1.1 and TLS1.2 support available in 2.4.4 and later.
-g gnuplot-file
Write all measured values out as a 'gnuplot' or TSV (Tab separate values) file.
This file can easily be imported into packages like Gnuplot, IDL, Mathematica, Igor or even Excel.
The labels are on the first line of the file.
-h Display usage information.
-H custom-header
Append extra headers to the request.
The argument is typically in the form of a valid header line, containing a colon-separated field-value pair (i.e., "Accept-Encoding: zip/zop;8bit").
-i Do HEAD requests instead of GET.
-k Enable the HTTP KeepAlive feature, i.e., perform multiple requests within one HTTP session. Default is no KeepAlive.
-l Do not report errors if the length of the responses is not constant. This can be useful for dynamic pages. Available in 2.4.7 and later.
-m HTTP-method
Custom HTTP method for the requests. Available in 2.4.10 and later.
-n requests
Number of requests to perform for the benchmarking session.
The default is to just perform a single request which usually leads to non-representative benchmarking results.
-p POST-file
File containing data to POST. Remember to also set -T.
-P proxy-auth-username:password
Supply BASIC Authentication credentials to a proxy en-route.
The username and password are separated by a single : and sent on the wire base64 encoded.
The string is sent regardless of whether the proxy needs it (i.e., has sent an 407 proxy authentication needed).
-q When processing more than 150 requests, ab outputs a progress count on stderr every 10% or 100 requests or so.
The -q flag will suppress these messages.
-r Don\'t exit on socket receive errors.
-s timeout
Maximum number of seconds to wait before the socket times out.
Default is 30 seconds.
Available in 2.4.4 and later.
-S Do not display the median and standard deviation values, nor display the warning/error messages when the average and median are more than one or two times the standard deviation apart.
And default to the min/avg/max values. (legacy support).
-t timelimit
Maximum number of seconds to spend for benchmarking. This implies a -n 50000 internally.
Use this to benchmark the server within a fixed total amount of time.
Per default there is no timelimit.
-T content-type
Content-type header to use for POST/PUT data, eg. application/x-www-form-urlencoded. Default is text/plain.
-u PUT-file
File containing data to PUT. Remember to also set -T.
-v verbosity
Set verbosity level - 4 and above prints information on headers, 3 and above prints response codes (404, 200, etc.), 2 and above prints warnings and info.
-V Display version number and exit.
-w Print out results in HTML tables. Default table is two columns wide, with a white background.
-x <table>-attributes
String to use as attributes for <table>. Attributes are inserted <table here>.
-X proxy[:port]
Use a proxy server for the requests.
-y <tr>-attributes
String to use as attributes for <tr>.
-z <td>-attributes
String to use as attributes for <td>.
-Z ciphersuite
Specify SSL/TLS cipher suite (See openssl ciphers)
OUTPUT
The following list describes the values returned by ab:
Server Software
The value, if any, returned in the server HTTP header of the first successful response.
This includes all characters in the header from beginning to the point a character with decimal value of 32 (most notably: a space or CR/LF) is detected.
Server Hostname
The DNS or IP address given on the command line
Server Port
The port to which ab is connecting.
If no port is given on the command line, this will default to 80 for http and 443 for https.
SSL/TLS Protocol
The protocol parameters negotiated between the client and server.
This will only be printed if SSL is used.
Document Path
The request URI parsed from the command line string.
Document Length
This is the size in bytes of the first successfully returned document.
If the document length changes during testing, the response is considered an error.
Concurrency Level
The number of concurrent clients used during the test
Time taken for tests
This is the time taken from the moment the first socket connection is created to the moment the last response is received
Complete requests
The number of successful responses received
Failed requests
The number of requests that were considered a failure.
If the number is greater than zero, another line will be printed showing the number of requests that failed due to connecting, reading, incorrect content length, or exceptions.
Write errors
The number of errors that failed during write (broken pipe).
Non-2xx responses
The number of responses that were not in the 200 series of response codes. If all responses were 200, this field is not printed.
Keep-Alive requests
The number of connections that resulted in Keep-Alive requests
Total body sent
If configured to send data as part of the test, this is the total number of bytes sent during the tests.
This field is omitted if the test did not include a body to send.
Total transferred
The total number of bytes received from the server.
This number is essentially the number of bytes sent over the wire.
HTML transferred
The total number of document bytes received from the server.
This number excludes bytes received in HTTP headers
Requests per second
This is the number of requests per second.
This value is the result of dividing the number of requests by the total time taken
Time per request
The average time spent per request.
The first value is calculated with the formula concurrency * timetaken * 1000 / done while the second value is calculated with the formula timetaken * 1000 / done
Transfer rate
The rate of transfer as calculated by the formula totalread / 1024 / timetaken
BUGS
There are various statically declared buffers of fixed length.
Combined with the lazy parsing of the command line arguments, the response headers from the server and other external inputs, this might bite you.
It does not implement HTTP/1.x fully; only accepts some 'expected' forms of responses.
The rather heavy use of strstr(3) shows up top in profile, which might indicate a performance problem; i.e., you would measure the ab performance rather than the server\'s.
Apache HTTP Server 2018-10-10 AB(1)Official Web Info
ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4
https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/programs/ab.html
この記事を試した環境
$ cat /etc/os-release
NAME="Amazon Linux"
VERSION="2"
ID="amzn"
ID_LIKE="centos rhel fedora"
VERSION_ID="2"
PRETTY_NAME="Amazon Linux 2"
ANSI_COLOR="0;33"
CPE_NAME="cpe:2.3:o\:amazon:amazon_linux:2"
HOME_URL="https://amazonlinux.com/"
$ uname --kernel-name --kernel-release --kernel-version --machine
Linux 4.14.209-160.339.amzn2.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Dec 16 22:44:04 UTC 2020 x86_64
$ ab -V
This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1879490 $>
Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/